Gender inequality among medical, pharmaceutical and dental practitioners in French hospitals: Where have we been and where are we now?
Identifieur interne : 000011 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000010; suivant : 000012Gender inequality among medical, pharmaceutical and dental practitioners in French hospitals: Where have we been and where are we now?
Auteurs : Antoine Le Boedec [France] ; Norah Anthony [France] ; Cécile Vigneau [France] ; Benoit Hue [France] ; Fabrice Laine [France] ; Bruno Laviolle [France] ; Martine Bonnaure-Mallet [France] ; Astrid Bacle [France] ; Jean-Sébastien Allain [France]Source :
- PloS one [ 1932-6203 ] ; 2021.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
Women are under-represented in senior academic and hospital positions in many countries. The authors aim to assess the place and the evolution of all appointed female and male health practitioners' working in French public Hospitals.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Data of this observational study were collected from the National Management Centre (Centre National de Gestion) from 2015 up to January 1, 2020. First, the authors described demographic characteristics and specialties of all appointed medicine, pharmacy, and dentistry doctors' working as Hospital Practitioners, Associate Professors, and Full Professors in French General and University-affiliated Hospitals in 2020. Then, they retrospectively reported the annual incidence of new entrance according to gender and professional status from 1999 to 2019 thanks to the appointment date of all practitioners in activity between 2015 and 2020.
RESULTS
In 2020, 51 401 appointed practitioners (49.7% of female) were in activity in French public hospitals with a large majority being medical doctors (92.4%) compared to pharmacists (6%) and dentists (1.6%). Women represented 52.5% of the Hospital Practitioners, 48.6% of the Associate Professors, and 22.0% of the Full Professors (p < 0.001). There were disparities between the rates of female Full Professors in medicine (20.6%), pharmacy (36.1%), and dentistry (44.3%, p < 0.001). Women were appointed Hospital Practitioners and Associate Professors earlier than men (respectively 37.1 versus 38.8 years, p < 0.001 and 36.1 versus 36.5 years, p = 0.04), and at a later age among Full Professors (43.7 versus 41.9 years, p < 0.001). Compared to men, the annual proportion of appointed women varied significantly between 1999 and 2019 from 47.6% to 60.4% for Hospital Practitioners, from 50.0% to 44.6% for Associate Professors, and from 11.2% to 33.3% for Full Professors (p < 0.001 for trend).
CONCLUSIONS
Although more and more women occupy positions in French hospitals, there is still a gender gap regarding access to Full Professor status in medicine and pharmacy, but not in dentistry. The disparity in numbers makes comparison difficult. Despite a trend towards gender equality during the last twenty years, it has not yet been achieved regarding access to the highest positions.
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254311
PubMed: 34242351
PubMed Central: PMC8270123
Affiliations:
Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)
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Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Clinical Investigation Center1414, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Clinical Investigation Center1414</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Clinical Investigation Center1414</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Clinical Investigation Center1414</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Laviolle, Bruno" sort="Laviolle, Bruno" uniqKey="Laviolle B" first="Bruno" last="Laviolle">Bruno Laviolle</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Rennes 1 University, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Rennes 1 University</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Clinical Investigation Unit, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Clinical Investigation Unit, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Région Bretagne</region><region type="old region">Région Bretagne</region><settlement type="city">Rennes</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Clinical Investigation Center1414, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Clinical Investigation Center1414</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Clinical Investigation Center1414</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Clinical Investigation Center1414</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bonnaure Mallet, Martine" sort="Bonnaure Mallet, Martine" uniqKey="Bonnaure Mallet M" first="Martine" last="Bonnaure-Mallet">Martine Bonnaure-Mallet</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Rennes 1 University, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Rennes 1 University</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Dental Surgery, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Dental Surgery, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Région Bretagne</region><region type="old region">Région Bretagne</region><settlement type="city">Rennes</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), U1241 NuMeCAn, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), U1241 NuMeCAn</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>U1241 NuMeCAn</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>U1241 NuMeCAn</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bacle, Astrid" 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type="region">Région Bretagne</region><region type="old region">Région Bretagne</region><settlement type="city">Rennes</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Allain, Jean Sebastien" sort="Allain, Jean Sebastien" uniqKey="Allain J" first="Jean-Sébastien" last="Allain">Jean-Sébastien Allain</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Clinical Investigation Unit, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Clinical Investigation Unit, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Région Bretagne</region><region type="old region">Région Bretagne</region><settlement type="city">Rennes</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Clinical Investigation Center1414, France.</nlm:affiliation><country 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type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0254311</idno><idno type="pmc">PMC8270123</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">000005</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000005</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">000005</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Curation">000005</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">000005</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Gender inequality among medical, pharmaceutical and dental practitioners in French hospitals: Where have we been and where are we now?</title><author><name sortKey="Le Boedec, Antoine" sort="Le Boedec, Antoine" uniqKey="Le Boedec A" first="Antoine" last="Le Boedec">Antoine Le Boedec</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Ophthalmology, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Ophthalmology, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Région Bretagne</region><region type="old region">Région Bretagne</region><settlement type="city">Rennes</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Rennes 1 University, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Rennes 1 University</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Anthony, Norah" sort="Anthony, Norah" uniqKey="Anthony N" first="Norah" last="Anthony">Norah Anthony</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Methodological Support and Biostatistics Unit, University Hospital, Saint Denis, Reunion Island, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Methodological Support and Biostatistics Unit, University Hospital, Saint Denis, Reunion Island</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Reunion Island</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Reunion Island</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Clinical Investigation Center 1410 Saint Pierre, Reunion Island, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Clinical Investigation Center 1410 Saint Pierre, Reunion Island</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Reunion Island</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Reunion Island</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vigneau, Cecile" sort="Vigneau, Cecile" uniqKey="Vigneau C" first="Cécile" last="Vigneau">Cécile Vigneau</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Rennes 1 University, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Rennes 1 University</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Nephrology, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Nephrology, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Région Bretagne</region><region type="old region">Région Bretagne</region><settlement type="city">Rennes</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), IRSET-UMR_S 1085, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), IRSET-UMR_S 1085</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>IRSET-UMR_S 1085</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>IRSET-UMR_S 1085</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hue, Benoit" sort="Hue, Benoit" uniqKey="Hue B" first="Benoit" last="Hue">Benoit Hue</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacy, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacy, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Région Bretagne</region><region type="old region">Région Bretagne</region><settlement type="city">Rennes</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Laine, Fabrice" sort="Laine, Fabrice" uniqKey="Laine F" first="Fabrice" last="Laine">Fabrice Laine</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Clinical Investigation Unit, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Clinical Investigation Unit, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Région Bretagne</region><region type="old region">Région Bretagne</region><settlement type="city">Rennes</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Hepatology, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Hepatology, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Région Bretagne</region><region type="old region">Région Bretagne</region><settlement type="city">Rennes</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Clinical Investigation Center1414, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Clinical Investigation Center1414</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Clinical Investigation Center1414</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Clinical Investigation Center1414</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Laviolle, Bruno" sort="Laviolle, Bruno" uniqKey="Laviolle B" first="Bruno" last="Laviolle">Bruno Laviolle</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Rennes 1 University, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Rennes 1 University</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Clinical Investigation Unit, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Clinical Investigation Unit, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Région Bretagne</region><region type="old region">Région Bretagne</region><settlement type="city">Rennes</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Clinical Investigation Center1414, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Clinical Investigation Center1414</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Clinical Investigation Center1414</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Clinical Investigation Center1414</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bonnaure Mallet, Martine" sort="Bonnaure Mallet, Martine" uniqKey="Bonnaure Mallet M" first="Martine" last="Bonnaure-Mallet">Martine Bonnaure-Mallet</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Rennes 1 University, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Rennes 1 University</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Dental Surgery, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Dental Surgery, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Région Bretagne</region><region type="old region">Région Bretagne</region><settlement type="city">Rennes</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), U1241 NuMeCAn, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), U1241 NuMeCAn</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>U1241 NuMeCAn</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>U1241 NuMeCAn</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bacle, Astrid" sort="Bacle, Astrid" uniqKey="Bacle A" first="Astrid" last="Bacle">Astrid Bacle</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Rennes 1 University, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Rennes 1 University</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), IRSET-UMR_S 1085, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), IRSET-UMR_S 1085</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>IRSET-UMR_S 1085</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>IRSET-UMR_S 1085</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacy, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacy, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Région Bretagne</region><region type="old region">Région Bretagne</region><settlement type="city">Rennes</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Allain, Jean Sebastien" sort="Allain, Jean Sebastien" uniqKey="Allain J" first="Jean-Sébastien" last="Allain">Jean-Sébastien Allain</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Clinical Investigation Unit, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Clinical Investigation Unit, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Région Bretagne</region><region type="old region">Région Bretagne</region><settlement type="city">Rennes</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Clinical Investigation Center1414, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Clinical Investigation Center1414</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Clinical Investigation Center1414</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Clinical Investigation Center1414</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolism Division, Saint Malo Hospital, Saint Malo, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolism Division, Saint Malo Hospital, Saint Malo</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Région Bretagne</region><region type="old region">Région Bretagne</region><settlement type="city">Saint-Malo</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">PloS one</title><idno type="eISSN">1932-6203</idno><imprint><date when="2021" type="published">2021</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>INTRODUCTION</b></p><p>Women are under-represented in senior academic and hospital positions in many countries. The authors aim to assess the place and the evolution of all appointed female and male health practitioners' working in French public Hospitals.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>MATERIALS AND METHODS</b></p><p>Data of this observational study were collected from the National Management Centre (Centre National de Gestion) from 2015 up to January 1, 2020. First, the authors described demographic characteristics and specialties of all appointed medicine, pharmacy, and dentistry doctors' working as Hospital Practitioners, Associate Professors, and Full Professors in French General and University-affiliated Hospitals in 2020. Then, they retrospectively reported the annual incidence of new entrance according to gender and professional status from 1999 to 2019 thanks to the appointment date of all practitioners in activity between 2015 and 2020.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>RESULTS</b></p><p>In 2020, 51 401 appointed practitioners (49.7% of female) were in activity in French public hospitals with a large majority being medical doctors (92.4%) compared to pharmacists (6%) and dentists (1.6%). Women represented 52.5% of the Hospital Practitioners, 48.6% of the Associate Professors, and 22.0% of the Full Professors (p < 0.001). There were disparities between the rates of female Full Professors in medicine (20.6%), pharmacy (36.1%), and dentistry (44.3%, p < 0.001). Women were appointed Hospital Practitioners and Associate Professors earlier than men (respectively 37.1 versus 38.8 years, p < 0.001 and 36.1 versus 36.5 years, p = 0.04), and at a later age among Full Professors (43.7 versus 41.9 years, p < 0.001). Compared to men, the annual proportion of appointed women varied significantly between 1999 and 2019 from 47.6% to 60.4% for Hospital Practitioners, from 50.0% to 44.6% for Associate Professors, and from 11.2% to 33.3% for Full Professors (p < 0.001 for trend).</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b></p><p>Although more and more women occupy positions in French hospitals, there is still a gender gap regarding access to Full Professor status in medicine and pharmacy, but not in dentistry. The disparity in numbers makes comparison difficult. Despite a trend towards gender equality during the last twenty years, it has not yet been achieved regarding access to the highest positions.</p></div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="In-Data-Review" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">34242351</PMID><DateRevised><Year>2021</Year><Month>07</Month><Day>22</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Electronic-eCollection"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1932-6203</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>16</Volume><Issue>7</Issue><PubDate><Year>2021</Year></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>PloS one</Title><ISOAbbreviation>PLoS One</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Gender inequality among medical, pharmaceutical and dental practitioners in French hospitals: Where have we been and where are we now?</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>e0254311</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1371/journal.pone.0254311</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText Label="INTRODUCTION" NlmCategory="BACKGROUND">Women are under-represented in senior academic and hospital positions in many countries. The authors aim to assess the place and the evolution of all appointed female and male health practitioners' working in French public Hospitals.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="MATERIALS AND METHODS" NlmCategory="METHODS">Data of this observational study were collected from the National Management Centre (Centre National de Gestion) from 2015 up to January 1, 2020. First, the authors described demographic characteristics and specialties of all appointed medicine, pharmacy, and dentistry doctors' working as Hospital Practitioners, Associate Professors, and Full Professors in French General and University-affiliated Hospitals in 2020. Then, they retrospectively reported the annual incidence of new entrance according to gender and professional status from 1999 to 2019 thanks to the appointment date of all practitioners in activity between 2015 and 2020.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="RESULTS" NlmCategory="RESULTS">In 2020, 51 401 appointed practitioners (49.7% of female) were in activity in French public hospitals with a large majority being medical doctors (92.4%) compared to pharmacists (6%) and dentists (1.6%). Women represented 52.5% of the Hospital Practitioners, 48.6% of the Associate Professors, and 22.0% of the Full Professors (p < 0.001). There were disparities between the rates of female Full Professors in medicine (20.6%), pharmacy (36.1%), and dentistry (44.3%, p < 0.001). Women were appointed Hospital Practitioners and Associate Professors earlier than men (respectively 37.1 versus 38.8 years, p < 0.001 and 36.1 versus 36.5 years, p = 0.04), and at a later age among Full Professors (43.7 versus 41.9 years, p < 0.001). Compared to men, the annual proportion of appointed women varied significantly between 1999 and 2019 from 47.6% to 60.4% for Hospital Practitioners, from 50.0% to 44.6% for Associate Professors, and from 11.2% to 33.3% for Full Professors (p < 0.001 for trend).</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="CONCLUSIONS" NlmCategory="CONCLUSIONS">Although more and more women occupy positions in French hospitals, there is still a gender gap regarding access to Full Professor status in medicine and pharmacy, but not in dentistry. The disparity in numbers makes comparison difficult. Despite a trend towards gender equality during the last twenty years, it has not yet been achieved regarding access to the highest positions.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Le Boedec</LastName><ForeName>Antoine</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7009-4394</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Ophthalmology, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Rennes 1 University, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Anthony</LastName><ForeName>Norah</ForeName><Initials>N</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Methodological Support and Biostatistics Unit, University Hospital, Saint Denis, Reunion Island, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Clinical Investigation Center 1410 Saint Pierre, Reunion Island, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Vigneau</LastName><ForeName>Cécile</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Rennes 1 University, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Nephrology, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), IRSET-UMR_S 1085, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hue</LastName><ForeName>Benoit</ForeName><Initials>B</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacy, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Laine</LastName><ForeName>Fabrice</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Clinical Investigation Unit, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Hepatology, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Clinical Investigation Center1414, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Laviolle</LastName><ForeName>Bruno</ForeName><Initials>B</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Rennes 1 University, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Clinical Investigation Unit, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Clinical Investigation Center1414, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bonnaure-Mallet</LastName><ForeName>Martine</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5214-7803</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Rennes 1 University, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Dental Surgery, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), U1241 NuMeCAn, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bacle</LastName><ForeName>Astrid</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3600-1307</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Rennes 1 University, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), IRSET-UMR_S 1085, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacy, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Allain</LastName><ForeName>Jean-Sébastien</ForeName><Initials>JS</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8092-8727</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Clinical Investigation Unit, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Clinical Investigation Center1414, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolism Division, Saint Malo Hospital, Saint Malo, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2021</Year><Month>07</Month><Day>09</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>United States</Country><MedlineTA>PLoS One</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101285081</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>1932-6203</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><CoiStatement>The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.</CoiStatement></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2021</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>14</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2021</Year><Month>06</Month><Day>23</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2021</Year><Month>7</Month><Day>9</Day><Hour>17</Hour><Minute>26</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2021</Year><Month>7</Month><Day>10</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2021</Year><Month>7</Month><Day>10</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>epublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">34242351</ArticleId><ArticleId 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Bretagne</li></region><settlement><li>Rennes</li><li>Saint-Malo</li></settlement></list><tree><country name="France"><region name="Région Bretagne"><name sortKey="Le Boedec, Antoine" sort="Le Boedec, Antoine" uniqKey="Le Boedec A" first="Antoine" last="Le Boedec">Antoine Le Boedec</name></region><name sortKey="Allain, Jean Sebastien" sort="Allain, Jean Sebastien" uniqKey="Allain J" first="Jean-Sébastien" last="Allain">Jean-Sébastien Allain</name><name sortKey="Allain, Jean Sebastien" sort="Allain, Jean Sebastien" uniqKey="Allain J" first="Jean-Sébastien" last="Allain">Jean-Sébastien Allain</name><name sortKey="Allain, Jean Sebastien" sort="Allain, Jean Sebastien" uniqKey="Allain J" first="Jean-Sébastien" last="Allain">Jean-Sébastien Allain</name><name sortKey="Anthony, Norah" sort="Anthony, Norah" uniqKey="Anthony N" first="Norah" last="Anthony">Norah Anthony</name><name sortKey="Anthony, Norah" sort="Anthony, Norah" uniqKey="Anthony N" first="Norah" last="Anthony">Norah Anthony</name><name sortKey="Bacle, Astrid" sort="Bacle, Astrid" uniqKey="Bacle A" first="Astrid" last="Bacle">Astrid Bacle</name><name sortKey="Bacle, Astrid" sort="Bacle, Astrid" uniqKey="Bacle A" first="Astrid" last="Bacle">Astrid Bacle</name><name sortKey="Bacle, Astrid" sort="Bacle, Astrid" uniqKey="Bacle A" first="Astrid" last="Bacle">Astrid Bacle</name><name sortKey="Bonnaure Mallet, Martine" sort="Bonnaure Mallet, Martine" uniqKey="Bonnaure Mallet M" first="Martine" last="Bonnaure-Mallet">Martine Bonnaure-Mallet</name><name sortKey="Bonnaure Mallet, Martine" sort="Bonnaure Mallet, Martine" uniqKey="Bonnaure Mallet M" first="Martine" last="Bonnaure-Mallet">Martine Bonnaure-Mallet</name><name sortKey="Bonnaure Mallet, Martine" sort="Bonnaure Mallet, Martine" uniqKey="Bonnaure Mallet M" first="Martine" last="Bonnaure-Mallet">Martine Bonnaure-Mallet</name><name sortKey="Hue, Benoit" sort="Hue, Benoit" uniqKey="Hue B" first="Benoit" last="Hue">Benoit Hue</name><name sortKey="Laine, Fabrice" sort="Laine, Fabrice" uniqKey="Laine F" first="Fabrice" last="Laine">Fabrice Laine</name><name sortKey="Laine, Fabrice" sort="Laine, Fabrice" uniqKey="Laine F" first="Fabrice" last="Laine">Fabrice Laine</name><name sortKey="Laine, Fabrice" sort="Laine, Fabrice" uniqKey="Laine F" first="Fabrice" last="Laine">Fabrice Laine</name><name sortKey="Laviolle, Bruno" sort="Laviolle, Bruno" uniqKey="Laviolle B" first="Bruno" last="Laviolle">Bruno Laviolle</name><name sortKey="Laviolle, Bruno" sort="Laviolle, Bruno" uniqKey="Laviolle B" first="Bruno" last="Laviolle">Bruno Laviolle</name><name sortKey="Laviolle, Bruno" sort="Laviolle, Bruno" uniqKey="Laviolle B" first="Bruno" last="Laviolle">Bruno Laviolle</name><name sortKey="Le Boedec, Antoine" sort="Le Boedec, Antoine" uniqKey="Le Boedec A" first="Antoine" last="Le Boedec">Antoine Le Boedec</name><name sortKey="Vigneau, Cecile" sort="Vigneau, Cecile" uniqKey="Vigneau C" first="Cécile" last="Vigneau">Cécile Vigneau</name><name sortKey="Vigneau, Cecile" sort="Vigneau, Cecile" uniqKey="Vigneau C" first="Cécile" last="Vigneau">Cécile Vigneau</name><name sortKey="Vigneau, Cecile" sort="Vigneau, Cecile" uniqKey="Vigneau C" first="Cécile" last="Vigneau">Cécile Vigneau</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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